Agriculture plays a pivotal role in Nigeria's economy, employing over 70% of the population and contributing significantly to the national GDP. However, the sector has historically suffered from low productivity, poor mechanization, and climate-related challenges. This study investigates the long-term impact of precision agriculture (PA) technologies on agricultural productivity in Nigeria from 1990 to 2023. PA involves the use of digital tools such as GPS, GIS, drones, sensors, and data analytics to optimize input use and improve crop yield. A longitudinal analysis reveals three adoption phases: introductory (1990–2005), experimental (2006-2015), and integration (2016–2023). Using time series data and econometric methods including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, ARDL models, and OLS regression, the study assesses variables such as technology adoption, fertilizer use, irrigation, and land area. Results show that improved technology significantly enhances productivity in both the short and long term, with a 21.4% rise in output per unit increase in adoption (p < 0.01). Fertilizer and irrigation are also positively correlated with yield, while land expansion offers marginal gains. Rainfall remains a critical factor due to Nigeria's reliance on rain-fed agriculture. Despite growth in PA usage driven by mobile technology, agritech startups, and government policies, barriers like poor rural infrastructure and limited farmer education persist. The study underscores the transformative potential of PA and recommends targeted investment and inclusive policies to boost sustainable agricultural growth in Nigeria.
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