Wheatgrass (Agropyron spp.) is recognized for its exceptional drought resistance and longevity, making it a critical genetic resource for climate-resilient agriculture. This study aimed to assess the species diversity, ecological distribution, and breeding potential of wheatgrass in Kazakhstan and to characterize its germplasm for future selection programs. Field expeditions were conducted across diverse agroecological zones in Kazakhstan to collect and document over 1,500 Agropyron samples. Morphological traits, productivity indicators, drought and salinity tolerance, and ploidy levels were evaluated using classical botanical methods, cytogenetic analysis, and comparative field trials at experimental stations. Kazakhstan’s wheatgrass gene pool includes diverse species such as A. cristatum, A. pectiniforme, A. desertorum, and A. sibiricum. Promising samples were identified for key agronomic traits: early ripening (8–10 days earlier than standard), high biomass yield (13–28% above standard), seed productivity (up to 34.7 g/m²), and strong drought and salinity tolerance. Significant correlations were observed between plant height, root length, and green mass yield (r = 0.826, p < 0.05). Polyploid variation (2n=14, 28, 42) was confirmed across different ecotypes, supporting targeted breeding strategies. The results highlight Kazakhstan's strategic role in the conservation and utilization of wheatgrass genetic resources. Identified accessions provide a valuable foundation for breeding forage crops adapted to arid conditions. Continued exploration and genotypic/phenotypic characterization will support ecological restoration and improve feed security in dryland agriculture.
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