Archiving Outamba Kilimi National Park Wildlife Biodiversity in Different Local Languages of Sierra Leone

INTRODUCTION

The 21^st century is experiencing biodiversity extinction shock with plant and animal losses estimated to be around 1,000 times as compared to centuries ago (Mace, 2005; Gorenflo et al., 2012; Kotera & Phillott, 2023). Therefore, the identification, and translation of wildlife animal species in local language dialects is critical for the conservation of biological resources especially at Outamba Kilimi National Park (Bahri et al., 2022). The translations of wildlife species names into local tribal languages reflect a unique traditional, cultural, and tribal biodiversity knowledge preservation for the current and future generations (Chen, 2016; Garnett et al., 2018; Chowdhury et al., 2022; Amano et al., 2023; Kotera & Phillott, 2023). Knowing the names of wildlife species in local languages enhances efficient biodiversity-nature interaction between society and wildlife (Wilde et al., 2016; Frainer et al., 2020). The change in local tribal names based on time affected the naming of some wildlife especially in the Yalunka tribe that is quietly going extinct in Sierra Leone.  Some names of certain flora and fauna have changed from one generation to another due to tribal language modification and continued civilization (Parhizkar et al., 2022). The preservation of local biodiversity names in local or indigenous languages is crucial to the long-term success of conservation in a developing country like Sierra Leone (Janovsky & Larson, 2019; United Nations, 2019; Gafner-Rojas, 2020; Shaker et al., 2022; Fish et al., 2024). The archiving of wildlife species names in eight local languages in Sierra Leone is important because this knowledge is time-sensitive (Kotera & Phillott, 2023). Because of the continued modification of civilization, ecological knowledge is drastically fading away and eroding (Loh & Harmon, 2014). Across Africa and Sierra Leone in particular, there is a massive decline in speaking and understanding local dialects as a result of the influence of educational exposure, technology, internal migration, and difficulty in understanding local dialects among other reasons. As such, archiving this ecological knowledge will revitalize the sense of understanding biodiversity conservation using our native tongue or dialect (Unasho, 2013; Toomey, 2016; Hua et al., 2019; Alkandahri et al., 2022). Incorporating Indigenous tribal knowledge in modern biodiversity conservation efforts provides a diverse approach to the protection and conservation of biodiversity found in remote communities with high conservation value (Di Bitetti and Ferreras, 2017; Amano et al., 2021). Local language diversity and the cultural way of life of indigenous people are intrinsically connected to biodiversity conservation in the 21^st century (Frainer et al., 2020).  Indigenous people and their cultural activities are critical in conservation as they aid biodiversity interpretation in different languages and actions (Gorenflo et al., 2012; Frainer et al., 2020).  For successful biodiversity conservation, traditional ecological knowledge plays a key and vital role as they are mostly passed on from generation to generation (Berkes, 2012; Wilder et al., 2016; Wallace et al., 2020; Maghami et al., 2022). Indigenous or traditional knowledge supports local taxonomic planning, research, and wildlife identification hence supporting biodiversity conservation (Konno et al., 2020; Ramírez-Castañeda, 2020; Tantipisanuh & Gale, 2018). The perspective of naming wildlife in local languages provides a platform for the local community’s indigenous knowledge about biodiversity to be utilized for successful biodiversity conservation (Karmanova et al., 2022).       

Background

The Outamba Kilimi National Park was first designated as a “Game reserve” in 1974 and was later gazetted as an Outamba Kilimi National Park in October 1995. Outamba-Kilimi National Park is critical for the protection of Sierra Leone's flora and fauna diversity (Sakaeva et al., 2022). Outamba-Kilimi is considered a biodiversity hotspot of Sierra Leone and contains different ecologies that harbor different wildlife species. The park is notable for its rich wildlife species and its diversity of habitats and ecologies (Alharthi, 2022). The Outamba Kilimi landscape has a rich history of biodiversity conservation activities and is home to rare wildlife species only found in Sierra Leone. Recent discoveries of rare wildlife species have brought the park into the spotlight on its potential to harbor critically endangered species that can only be found in that part of the country (Sadovnikova et al., 2022; Xuan et al., 2022). The park is well known for its wild flora and fauna diversity amidst anthropogenic and climate change pressure. The park hosts a variety of habitats such as gallery forests, open savannah, secondary forests, farm bush, and woodland savannah. These ecologies are however under great threat as a result of wildfires, illegal logging, and illegal gold mining along river banks, illegal hunting, and shifting cultivation (Munro, 2020). The park is home to diverse plant species that are of great conservation importance within West Africa’s ecosystem (Lobach et al., 2023; Skarayadi et al., 2023). The Outamba Kilimi National Park landscape is home to the largest Savannah Ecosystem in the northern part of Sierra Leone.     

Primates of OKNP

The park plays host to important mammal species that are only found within the OKNP landscape. Some of these mammals are of regional conservation concern and are designated as critically endangered species. Some of these mammals are the West African Elephants, Chimpanzees among others. Besides primates, the park also hosts carnivores such as Leopards and ungulates such as Bongo antelopes (Carpio-Vargas et al., 2023; Skarayadi et al., 2023). The park is home to some common IUCN list of endangered wildlife species such as the Sooty Mangabey, Buffalo, Chimpanzees (CR), Bongo Antelopes, Red Colobus Monkeys, Pigmy Hippopotamus, African Elephants, Maxwell Duiker, Savanna Buffalo, Leopard, Black and white Columbus Monkey, hooded vulture, among others (Sierra Leone’s 5th National Report to the CBD, 2014). The park is home to three distinct vulture species designated by the IUCN as critically endangered (CR). These vulture species include; the white-head vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis, CR), the hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus, CR), and the white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus, CR).

Table 1. Primates of Outamba-Kilimi National Park and their IUCN Conservation Status

The OKNP landscape is regarded as an important protected area that enhances primate conservation within the West African sub-region. The park hosts a variety of primates that are critically endangered for instance the “Western Chimpanzee”. The Western Chimpanzee is, however, considered the OKNP key focal species that requires conservation attention. The OKNP is home to the largest remaining populations of Chimpanzees in Sierra Leone. The above primates play a very important conservation role through seed dispersal and other activities that promote ecosystem regeneration (Table 1).

Carnivores like the African Leopard (Panthera pardus), Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta), African Civet (Civettictis civetta), African Palm Civet (Nandinia binotata), Marsh Mongoose (Atilax paludinosus) among others. These carnivore species play a critical role in the conservation of the park through their scavenger, predatory, and seed dispersal activities within the park.  Ungulates like the Red River Hog, (Potamochoerus porcus), Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus), Western Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), Common Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) among others play a crucial role in conservation and ecosystem function of the park as they serve as herbivores and prey for carnivore’s species of the OKNP.   

Key stone trees species found in OKNP

The OKNP is not only home to a variety of wild animals but also to a great diversity of plant species (Table 2). The OKNP is dominated by woody plant species and flowering plants. The diversity of plant species within the OKNP landscape is greatly attributed to the different ecological habitats found in the park (Fayiah & Fayiah, 2022). The OKNP accounts for over 300 plant species that are of great conservation significance (Febrianti et al., 2023; Tsvetkova et al., 2023). The Pterocarpus erinaceus (Rosewood) tree species are among the most threatened tree species in the park. The quality of the rosewood and the international demand for the wood is the source of its illegal exploitation. Although there are over 300 tree species found in the park, however, the below species are commonly found within different ecologies of the park.

Table 2. Key Stone Trees Species found at OKNP

Threats facing biodiversity conservation at OKNP

Although the OKNP is designated a national park, however, the park is rapidly losing its biodiversity richness status due to intensive anthropogenic activities across the park (Fayiah & Fayiah, 2022; Alamer, 2023; Bisri et al., 2023). These anthropogenic activities include illegal timber logging and trafficking, wild animal poaching and trade, gold mining along river banks, conventional slash-and-burn agricultural practices, and wildfire outbreaks. Furthermore, the illegal logging or harvesting of rosewood species (Pterocarpus erinaceus) within the park has exposed the park to great disturbance from loggers as well as the sound of heavy vehicles hurling the logs inside the park (Nurcahyo et al., 2023; Tsvetkova & Kostadinova, 2023). This activity has resulted in deforestation, biodiversity loss, forced wildlife migration into neighboring Guinea, and the creation of small road networks within the park (Government of Sierra Leone, 2023). These rosewood trees are considered the “ivory of the forest” as they are among the most internationally trafficked flora in the world due to their quality, wood properties, and strength (El-Sokkary, 2023; Tawfik et al., 2023).  

Although Outamba Kilimi National Park is characterized as a biodiversity hotspot in Sierra Leone, however, there is little or no comprehensive research documenting this claim and recording of wildlife species in different local languages. This is the first study that will document the wildlife species of Outamba Kilimi National Park in eight local languages in Sierra Leone (Fahim et al., 2023; Feghhi et al., 2023). The rapid development of technology and the advancement of Western education (reading and speaking English) is inevitably resulting in the loss of local language knowledge and by extension the identification of wildlife species found in the park (Halimah et al., 2023; Pokaichuk et al., 2023). Literature has shown that local names of fauna in more than five languages are scarce if not unavailable in Sierra Leone. The only known literature that documents flora species in Sierra Leone in four to five local languages has been the work done by Savill and Fox (1967) titled “Trees of Sierra Leone”.

This article intends to become the first document that will archive wildlife species in eight local languages in Sierra Leone (Levochkina et al., 2024; Verevkina et al., 2024). This research work will give greater insight in identifying wildlife species in eight local languages thereby closing the gap that has existed since the founding and colonization of Sierra Leone. This knowledge gap has stimulated a decline in the identification of wildlife, especially by the younger generation. This study is poised to close this knowledge gap by making available the names of wildlife species in eight local languages (Mashreghi et al., 2024; Nurmuhambetov et al., 2024). Furthermore, the findings from this research will provide useful insight into the biodiversity status of OKNP and archive the local names of eight wildlife keystone species of the park. Thus, the article seeks to answer the following research questions 1) what is the biodiversity status of OKNP? 2) what are the local names of key wildlife species found in OKNP? 3) what conservation measures should be instituted to protect the fauna wildlife of OKNP? Our study is the first to document wildlife species of OKNP in the local dialect spoken by indigenes around the park (Bahanan, 2023; Bulovina et al., 2024).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Description of the study area

Sierra Leone is a small nation located in West Africa and has a land area of 71 740km² equivalent to 27, 699sq miles. The country has 120km² of water bodies with the Atlantic Ocean bordering along the west and southwest of the country. The country is bordered by Guinea to the north-east and Liberia to the south-east. The country has five geographic characteristics namely Mountains, Coastal lowlands, Interior plains, Interior plateau, and Hills (Government of Sierra Leone Report, 2023). The country’s richness in biodiversity, vegetation, productive ecosystem, and lands is greatly attributed to its quintessential nature (Fayiah et al., 2020a). The Northern region where Outamba Kilimi National Park is situated is characterized by Guinean-Forest and woodland that stretches into Guinea. Typically, the country’s vegetation is made up of two key biogeographic ecosystems namely; the Guinean Congo Forest and the Sudan Guinean Savannah biome (Government of Sierra Leone Report, 2023). The north-western vegetation of Sierra Leone is characterized by Savannah Woodlands, Grassland Ecosystems, and patches of woodland and riparian forests landscapes.     

The Outamba-Kilimi National Park (OKNP) is situated in the far north of Sierra Leone. It has a distance of approximately 296km and is situated within the Tambakha Chiefdom Karina District, Northern Province Sierra Leone. The Outamba Section of the park is approximately (74, 100ha) of land while the Kilimi section is (38,800ha) respectively. The Outamba Kilimi National Park has the largest savanna ecosystem covering an area of 110, 900ha in Sierra Leone (Government of Sierra Leone, 2023). The Outamba-Kilimi National Park is logically divided into two; The Outamba section consists of hills, forests, grassland, flood plains, and a network of rivers of the little scarcies and Mongo. The Kilimi section is characterized by small streams that drain into the great scarcities. The Kilimi section of the landscape is flat with scattered vegetation. The Outamba Kilimi Landscape is part of the Guinean Forest Savanna Mosaic ecoregion in West Africa Africa (Nature & Wildlife, 2024). The forests serve as a migratory corridor for critically endangered wildlife species facing threats on either side of the landscape. The landscape has a blend of different forest-type vegetation such as gallery forests, woodlands, grassland savannah, moist broadleaf forests that present a dynamic and diverse wildlife ecosystem. The population of both Lower and Upper Tambakha was estimated to be 34, 422 people (Statistics Sierra Leone, 2021). According to the 2021 housing and population census, Sierra Leone’s population was estimated at 7, 092, 113 people (Statistics Sierra Leone, 2021). 

Study design

The study used both secondary and primary data for this research. The secondary sources from published government reports, articles publication, FAO reports, online repositories, and technical reports among other sources. The primary source adopted various methods such as direct and indirect wildlife observation approaches and tribal stakeholder consultations across the OKNP landscape. The observation approach was done randomly across various ecological habitats of the park. The direct observation was done using camera pictures and vocalization/sounds of animals. The indirect observation approach was done through feeding trace, footprint, dung, and nest surveillance across the park for the past ten years. The tribal stakeholder’s consultation was done by engaging traditional village heads, former hunters, farmers, and herbalists.  These indirect and direct observation data were collected over a long period for the entire park.  

Wildlife species identification

Biodiversity identification in local languages is critical for the preservation of wildlife names for the current and future generations (Kueffer & Larson, 2014; Hooykaas et al., 2019; Lam, 2020). The identification of wildlife species across the OKNP was done using “the Kingdom Field Guide to African Mammals” The identification of wildlife species in local languages was done by tribal heads/elders using pictorial diagrams of the animals in question. Pictures of the various animals were displayed or shown to tribal elders using Android or computers. In cases where a particular elder is unable to identify the animal, the picture is taken to another tribal elder in the village. After the compilation of wildlife species names, two tribal heads per community within the park vetted these names using pictures from an Android phone. The scientific names of wildlife encountered were determined using the “Kingdom Field Guide to African Mammals” The identification of some keystone tree species of the park was done using “Trees of Sierra Leone Book” authored by (Savill & Fox, 1967). Other methods of wildlife species identification globally practiced today have been through wildlife camera trapping mechanisms set in forests as per (Yu et al., 2013; Villa et al., 2017; Yousif et al., 2017; Willi et al., 2019) are wildly used today. Nonetheless, this method of wildlife identification is expensive and requires technical expertise and taxonomist knowledge. 

Data collection

The data for this study was from secondary and primary sources. The primary source of data was collected through direct and indirect observation. The secondary sources of data were collected through a desktop survey of published literatures such as biodiversity reports, conference proceedings, and article publications. Keywords such as Outamba, Kilimi, Biodiversity, National Park, and Wildlife were used to search for relevant information on the status of biodiversity of the park. 

Data analysis

The collected data of the study was exported into Microsoft Excel for cleaning and presented in tabular form for ease of understanding. Columns without a name are labeled as N/A. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study presents results for 63 wildlife species at the Outamba Kilimi National Park via direct or indirect observation from 2014 to 2024. These wildlife observations include primates, carnivore’s ungulates, and some keystone tree species that are of great conservation value. These wild species names are recorded in eight local languages in Sierra Leone excluding the Latin or scientific names. However, some tree species' local names are absent due to the inability of tribal heads contacted to accurately identify and name these species (Arora et al., 2024). The keystone tree species of the Outamba Kilimi National Park is the (Pterocarpus erinaceus) commonly called Rose Wood. The illegal harvesting of this species is the root of deforestation and other landscape fragmentation activities in the park. Among the wildlife species recorded on the OKNP, Chimpanzees, Monkeys, and Western elephants are considered the keystone species that have a disproportionate impact on the entire park landscape (Alsharif et al., 2023). The local languages in which the names of wildlife species are translated include; Krio, Susu, Limba, Temne, Mende, Fulani, Yalunka, and Koranko. In Sierra Leone, Krio, Temne, and Mende are the largest ethnic languages that every Sierra Leonean speaks and understands one of these languages clearly. Every Sierra Leonean living in Sierra Leone understands or speaks one of these languages with ease (Belaldavar & Angadi, 2024). The ethnic local language spoken widely across the park by locals is Susu. However, the majority understand and speak Krio the Lingua franca of Sierra Leone especially among the youths. In addition to local names, the common names of these species are also given in Table 3.

Table 3. Local Names of Wildlife Species found in Outamba Kilimi National Park 

Note** Some wildlife species names in local languages were not identified. Some languages have two names for a particular species. A blank column means no local name was found for that species. N/A mean names in a particular local language were not found. 

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