Hip Fracture, Causes, Classification, and Management: A Literature Review

The most prevalent reason for admission to an acute orthopedic unit is a proximal femoral or hip fracture. Hip fractures are prevalent fragility fractures among older people, affecting the quality of life, health outcomes, and medical expenses. Hip fractures directly influence public health and are one of the leading causes of disability due to their high mortality and morbidity rates. Therefore, proper management of the hip fracture is significant to hinder the potential difficulties and increase the life quality of such patients. This study aimed to cover the etiology and the management of hip fractures and provide a good review of the published literature. The PubMed database was utilized for article selection, and the following keys were used in the Mesh ((“hip fracture” [Mesh]) AND (“management”[Mesh]) OR (“causes” [Mesh])). Identifying possible risk factors for falls and hip fractures, such as age-related physiological changes and low physical activity levels, is crucial. Increasing awareness and avoiding such characteristics may aid in minimizing the long-term and devastating effects of hip fracture injuries. However, surgical treatment is usually recommended unless the patient has significant comorbidities at an unbearable risk. The fracture displacement determines the fixing method for femoral neck fractures. While arthroplasty is commonly used to treat displaced femoral neck fractures, undisplaced or mildly displaced femoral neck fractures can be repaired by a sliding hip screw or a series of cancellous lag screws. The deformation integrity and the lateral cortex preservation are important factors in implantation selection in intertrochanteric femur fractures.