Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Diagnosis and Management Approach, Literature Review

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when the acid-containing contents reflux into the esophagus or the mouth, manifesting as a persistent burning sensation in the esophagus and regurgitation. Moreover, the long-term disease can lead to serious complications such as Barrett's esophagus and strictures. It is considered a disease of the developed countries, although it is rising in developing countries. This is due to the increasing presence of the associated risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and comorbidities. We aimed to review the literature reviewing the etiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of this disease. PubMed database was used for articles selection, gathered papers had underwent a thorough review. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease in this millennia, owing to numerous factors including comorbidities, use of medications, and sedentary lifestyle. It is caused by impaired gastric motility that results in gastric contents refluxing into the esophagus or oral cavity. The treatment has a significant impact on many people’s lives as well as the health care system. Many options are available and new alternatives are emerging. By far, the most common treatment remains the PPIs; however, it obligates frequent monitoring and re-evaluation for potential side effects.