Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Risks and Challenges for Human Health and Environment: An Overview

The evolution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) in Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) landfills, hospital wastewater, and poultry farm are explored in-depth in this paper. MSW output has risen significantly in recent years. MSW landfills are the most popular method of MSW disposal. Landfills receive a variety of wastes, including unused and expired antibiotics, as well as bioactive wastes. As a result, MSW provides favorable conditions for the growth of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as well as the transfer of ARGs from landfill bacteria to bacteria in the surrounding environment. Antibiotic usage that is unrestricted and excessive in healthcare facilities frequently results in an increase in antibiotic resistance and the dissemination of ARGs in the surrounding environment via hospital wastewater. The occurrence of ARB and the degree of resistance of bacterial strains from numerous landfills and hospital wastewater are discussed in this review. This is a critical concern for public health because once ARBs and ARGs enter the water environment, they can spread resistance genes to bacteria in the surrounding environment. The consequences of ARB and ARGs on the environment and public health are also described in this review. AMR is widely regarded as a major threat to public health systems worldwide, not only in developing countries. Antibiotics are commonly used in farm animals, and unmetabolized antibiotics, or ARGs and ARB, may be prominent in runoffs coming from animal wastes, posing a direct threat to surrounding water bodies.