World Journal of Environmental Biosciences
World Journal of Environmental Biosciences
2021 Volume 10 Issue 1

Study of Digestive Morphology, Osteology of Osteobrama Vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) from Nira River Bhor, Maharashtra

 

Nirbhay Sudhir Pimple1*

 

1Department of Zoology, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, India.


ABSTRACT

There are significant differences in the construction and working of the alimentary system concerning species, habitat, and eating habits of any organism. Fish feed behavior is a major element responsible for their nourishment and development, alteration in the environmental opportunité such as eutrophication as well as anthropogenic activities affect fish species differently and also affect food availability. To understand the digestive system, Morphological studies in the digestive tract of fish were performed on Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839). The average length of the alimentary canal is 27.57 cm. The relative intestinal index was calculated to be 1.20 ± 0.085. The alimentary canal is separated into the following regions namely, the buccal cavity (mouth) followed by the orobranchial cavity which opens up into the esophagus. The esophagus opens up into the stomach which leads into the intestines and retained the anus. The intestine shows 5 folds coiled and connected with mesenteries. In this current study osteology of the buccal cavity revolved, that the upper jaw and lower jaw are toothless, as well as palatine teeth are absent. Although the lower jaw displays strong dentary, which at the distal end is broader while it appears tapering towards the proximal end. The lower jaw is devoid of teeth. The oropharyngeal cavity was almost triangular made of strainer gill and pharyngeal teeth apparatus. All gill arches indicate the absence of denticles. Ceratobranchial V indicates the presence of a six oval-shaped tooth plate located on the ventral side of the oropharyngeal cavity.

Keywords: Relative intestinal index, Palatine teeth, Osteology, Ceratobranchial


Introduction

 

The sound operation of organisms completely relies upon the type of nourishment the organism derives from the environment and its usage for its increase and well-being in any natural habitat. Feeding has a direct effect on the increased pattern and productiveness of fish, as consumption is the foremost pursuit in the life cycle of fish (Joadder, 2006; Hossain et al., 2010; Manon & Hossain, 2011). The feeding ability of the fish additionally relies upon its physiological status, age, sex, and the physicochemical condition of the habitat. The feeding rate for carp varies depending on size, age of fish, water temperature, the relative quantity of natural food, and the quality of feed. Feeding depth has been suggested to be improved with the accessibility of the meals additives in the environments (Lawson & Aguda, 2010; Manoharan et al., 2012).

The feeding demeanor of fish is the most valuable characteristic directly related to their nourishment, biological process (Joadder & Hossain, 2008). Changes in the environmental conditions include eutrophication, which uniquely impacts the fish species and additionally affects the availability of meals type (Al-Awady, 2013). To understand the mechanism of consumption of food, its digestion inside the stomach, and finally the absorption of meals. As the fish gets biggerlarger sizes of food had been desired to smaller ones; hencesize of fish is related to feeding capacity (Khaing & Khaing, 2020). The morphological research at the digestive tract of fish is considered one of the handiest tools (Xiong et al., 2011; Løkka et al., 2013; de Melo Germano et al., 2014). As per the model and availability of the food and the feeding habits, the digestive system of fishes suggests marked morphological as well as functional diversity (Murray et al., 1996; Diaz et al., 2003). The anatomy of the mouth and intestine and the aforementioned histology are changed to house the feeding behavior (Agbugui & Oniye, 2019). Compared with different vertebrates the intestine in fishes is an elongated tube starting from the mouth followed by the esophagus, stomach, gut, and end by rectum, at some point of the duration the diameter of the gut varies (Abaurrea-Equisoain & Ostos-Garrido, 1996; Agarwal, 1996; Albrecht et al., 2001; Boćina et al., 2017). In most fishes, the selection, seizing of the food, and pushing it lower back into the esophagus is completed by way of the oral and pre-oral hollow space (Rodrigues et al., 2006; Wilson & Castro, 2010).

As in line with the species, precise variations inside the structural and anatomical structure endeavor are observed in the fishes (Albrecht et al., 2001; Wilson & Castro, 2010; Xiong et al., 2011). Carnivorous fish species are diagnosed to have brief gut, as a result the presence of unique organs to assist in digestion. The stomach is composed of numerous longitudinal folds, gastric glands, gastric pits, columnar striated epithelium, lamina propria, and microvilli making the function of the stomach specialized (El-Naggar et al., 2019). Understanding the anatomy, the digestive system of fish is the primary requisite in understanding the feeding behavior of the fish and could benefit the fishery control program (Abaurrea-Equisoain & Ostos-Garrido, 1996; de Melo Germano et al., 2014; Santos et al., 2015; Purshothaman et al., 2016).

Present work deals with the Study Of Digestive Morphology, Osteology in Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) for the duration of the study period. The fish is commercially critical and are consumed through massive populace inside the country of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra, it becomes vital to apprehend the food and feeding sample of the fish from business and fishery technological know-how component. The significance of the work would be attributed to the direction of making plans and executing diverse strategies as a way to acquired maximum yield.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimens of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) (n = 30 had been collected in 2021 at Bhor from the nearby fish market 18°08'56.9"N 73°50'47.0"E Pune district Maharashtra, India. Specimens include a combined populace of females and males with std length (96.95 ± 3.15 mm), and weight (21.00 ± 1.04 g). The fishing techniques used by the fishermen for harvesting the fish mainly covered the variable mesh-sized nets specifically cast and gill net. The fishing gears had been laid overnight in the river and were retrieved the subsequent morning. Specimens accrued have been canned in 10% formalin and carried to the research center for additional analysis. Standard length (SL), total length (TL) was calculated for each representative of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) to the nearest 0.1 mm the use of virtual caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan). The total weight (W) became decided to nearest 0.01 g by the usage of a digital weighing machine (Contech, India).

Relative gut analysis:

The relative intestine length was studied for Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) for a calendar year. Ergodic sampling was instituted, the intestine length (GL), preferred length (SD) was measured for the specimen accrued every month in cms. The relative gut indices for the fishes had been calculated by the usage of the formula:

 

Relative gut Length (RGL) = gut length (GL)general body length (SL)

(1)

Osteology

A study of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) was carried out to understand the relation between the layout of oral cavity structure. Specimen (n = 2) was cleaned then stained twice (C and S) following protocol (Potthoff et al., 1984). The photography of the entire fish and the buccal cavity was carried out by using Canon DSLR 600D.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Gross morphology and anatomy studies

The specimen for the present study Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) consisted of a mixed population of males and females. The average general length for Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) was determined to be 76.08 ± 2.14 mm, and weight 40.34 ± 1.03 gms. The average length of the alimentary canal of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) was calculated to be 27.57 cms (Figure 1a). The alimentary canal is separated into the buccal cavity i.e mouth which leads to the orobranchial cavity which opens up into the esophagus followed by the stomach. The stomach opens up into the intestine which ends up into the rectum which leads to the anus. The average length of mouth hollow space was (2.13cm), esophagus turned into (3.47cm), belly (4.67cm), intestine (anterior gut (7.87cm), posterior gut (9.43cm), and rectum (3.45cm).

In the case of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes,1839) the mouth is superior, the lower jaw is sticking out. Both the jaws are devoid of the tooth in the fish beneath examination. The upper jaw suggests the absence of palatine teeth (Figure 2). The lower jaw shows a sturdy dentary which is broader at the distal quit while tapering towards the proximal give up, it shows the absence of teeth (Figure 2). The empty oropharyngeal space in fish becomes an extremely shaped triangle, made up of strainer gills and the material of its pharyngeal shell (Figure 1). The gill chamber is made up of five-gill arches (Figure 2). Gill arches namely I, II, III, IV, and V. all gill arches are composed of two parts, mainly ventral and dorsal. all gill arches indicate the absence of denticles. Ceratobranchial V indicates the presence of six oval-shaped plates that may be located on the ventral portion of the empty oropharyngeal space (Figure 2). The short muscular throat begins to drop at the distal end of the orobranchial cavity gradually enters the abdomen. Near the bi-lobed liver, the stomach is present. The stomach is separated into three regions which are cardiac, fundac, and pyloric (Figures 1a and 2). The cardiac stomach in Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) is short of the continuation of the esophagus, wherewith the help of the fundac abdomen it becomes slightly larger and forms a lump almost identical in shape. The pyloric area is small, an almost elevated area that connects the gut thru the pyloric sphincter. The intestines show 5 folded curves connected with mesenteries (Figure 2). The whole shape resembles a bolus (Figure 1a). Relative gut analysis: In the current work the average relative gut analysis associated with Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) was calculated at 1.2 ± 0.085 The result is presented in Table 1.

 

 

Table 1. Relative Gut Length of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes,1839), from Nira River

Months

Average body length

Average gut length

Sample number

Average relative gut length

Standard deviation

APR

15.5

19.6

10

1.26

±0.085

MAY

37.7

51.9

15

1.3

±0.094

JUN

40.3

48.7

13

1

±0.065

JUL

32.5

39.3

14

1.2

±0.085

AUG

24.6

29.7

12

1.2

±0.085

SEP

20.21

24.4

11

1.2

±0.085

OCT

32.12

38.8

10

1.2

±0.085

NOV

34.21

41.3

9

1.21

±0.085

DEC

23.51

28.4

10

1.2

±0.085

JAN

34.11

41.2

13

1.2

±0.085

FEB

18.43

22.3

14

1.2

±0.085

MAR

12.34

14.9

15

1.2

±0.085

 

 

a)

b)

c)

Figure 1. The alimentary canal of Oteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) from Nira River, Bhor, Maharashtra, India. a)The coiled intestine and the entire alimentary canal. b)The alimentary canal showing (oe) esophagus, (cs) cardiac stomach, (fs) fundus stomach , (ps) pyloric stomach, (ai) anterior intestine, (pi) posterior intestine, ® rectum. c)The alimentary canal of Oteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) from Nira River, Bhor, Maharashtra, India

 

Figure 2. Osteology of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) from Nira River, Bhor, Maharashtra. India

The morphology of fish 'alimentary canal is consistent with their dietary habits and adaptability that occurred during evolution (Albrecht et al., 2001; Yashpal et al., 2009; Nazlić et al., 2014). In the present study of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) the esophagus was short, the abdomen followed by intertwined intestines showing 5 rotations. The digestive tract is relatively long which is a common characteristic of omnivorous fish. The studies are consistent with studies conducted by (German et al., 2010). The stomach is composed of numerous longitudinal folds, gastric glands, gastric pits, columnar striated epithelium, lamina propria, and microvilli making the function of the belly specialized (Alabssawy et al., 2019; El-Naggar et al., 2019). The relative intestinal index of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) in the present study was 1.20 ± 0.085, the relative intestinal index (RGI) was calculated to be 1.1 ± 0.080. The (RGI) studies of (Xiong et al., 2011; Garcia et al., 2012; Santos et al., 2015) show an association between RGI and fish species. The (RGI) index deviates from fish species and the development phase (German et al., 2014). The (RGI) index is divided when it falls between (RGL = 0.6-0.8) and is considered omnivorous (RGI = 0.8-0.1) and herbivorous (RGI = 2.5-16.4) (German et al., 2014) It intimate that Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) is omnivorous fish.

Digestive analysis shows the presence of insects, plant material, debris, and part of the soil in the intestines of fish. The size of the diet eaten by fish is often associated with sound structure and the sizing of the fish (Shukla & Patel, 2013; Dey et al., 2015). In the case of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) jaw is without teeth. Existing gill rackers work through a filter to hold part of the food in the water. A strong correlation between gill racker morphology and fish status (Canan et al., 2012; Kumari et al., 2014). There exist a coefficient of correlation between the sequence of gill rackers and space between them and the feeding habit shown by the fish. In the present study, the fish show the presence of four-gill arches provided by racks that help hold part of the food. Centrobranchial indicates the presence of 6 pharyngeal teeth that help break down imported food (Kumari et al., 2014; Dey et al., 2015; Pise et al., 2018). Oesophagus performs the function of transferring food from the buccal cavity to the stomach (Abdulhadi, 2005; Nazlić et al., 2014; Boćina et al., 2017). fish. Digestion occurs in the stomach (Diaz et al., 2003, Pise et al., 2018). The intestines are a composite structure divided by the anterior and posterior regions, the observations of Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) show similar observations in a study by (Abdulhadi, 2005; Diaz et al.., 2008; Boćina et al., 2017). The intestines keep the rectum open outside with the anus. Current work will help to understand the digestive tract, food utilization, and nutrient uptake of fish that make them good sources of protein and minerals. This study will focus on the science of fishing to develop a sustainable conservation management system.

CONCLUSION

The present study on Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) from Nira River, can help the fishery unit, to plan strategies for the conservation of the endemic fish in their natural habitat. The availability of food resources can be planned thereby providing a continuous source of food to the fish in its natural habitat. Since the availability of food is directly related to the reproductive potential of the fish.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: I would like to express my gratitude towards M.E.S. Abasaheb Garware College, as well as the research center of Modern College of Arts Commerce and Science Ganeshkhind. Pune-1. for their kind support during the study period.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None

FINANCIAL SUPPORT: None

ETHICS STATEMENT: None

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