Soil Nomenclature of the Kostanay Region, Kazakhstan according to the WRB System

INTRODUCTION

At present, specialists from various countries are actively implementing the International Soil Classification System and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2022). In soil studies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the USSR Soil Classification (Egorov et al., 1977) with regional additions (Erokhina et al., 2006) has been used for many decades. The new international system and the older national classifications are based on similar principles and reflect the current understanding of soil-forming processes. The international soil classification system is represented by reference soil groups with a set of principal and supplementary qualifiers (Krasilnikov et al., 2009; Shi et al., 2010; Gerasimova & Bogdanova, 2015; Gerasimova, 2019), while diagnostic horizons are used for soil identification. In scientific publications in soil science and related fields, most international journals use the WRB system. Correlating the WRB classification system with soil classifications used in the Republic of Kazakhstan is therefore an important task.

Soils are a key component of landscapes and an indispensable natural resource for agricultural production, ensuring the food and environmental security of the region. In the Kostanay Region, the area of land involved in agricultural use amounts to 11.073 million hectares (Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2023). The Kostanay Region is one of the main agricultural regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. From north to south, three latitudinal soil zones are distinguished within the region, each subdivided into several subzones (Baisholanov, 2017). The diversity of climatic conditions and soil-forming parent materials determines the complex structure of the soil cover in the Kostanay Region. The main types of zonal and intrazonal soils used in agriculture across vast areas of Kazakhstan have developed here. Chernozems and Kastanozems are the most valuable soils on arable land, pastures, and hayfields. For effective interaction between specialists from different countries and for the exchange of research data on Chernozems and Kastanozems soil groups of major agricultural importance in the Kostanay Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan the International Soil Classification System should be applied.

Under conditions of climate change and intensification of agricultural production, many steppe soils are subject to degradation and desertification due to water and wind erosion, dehumification, desiccation, pasture trampling, solonetzization, and salinization (Robinson et al., 2003; Meyer et al., 2008; Issanova et al., 2014; Koshen et al., 2019; Filippova et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2020). As a result of degradation processes, soil fertility declines, soil structure changes, the thickness of the humus profile decreases, the agronomically valuable structure of soil aggregates deteriorates, and secondary accumulations of gypsum and salts develop in lower horizons. Degraded Chernozems and Kastanozems may lose their humus horizons, transforming into semi-desert and even desert soils (Kabała et al., 2019; Deckers et al., 2024). At the same time, land degradation dynamics in some regions of Eurasia are multidirectional and may become favorable with the implementation of soil conservation and agroforestry reclamation measures (Kulik et al., 2018; Lyu et al., 2020; Ryspekov et al., 2021; Kust et al., 2024). The WRB international classification system provides extensive opportunities for describing spatial variability and different stages of evolution, transformation, degradation, and restoration of all soil types within the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

This research aims to establish a definitive correlation between the WRB system’s classification nomenclature and the principal soil types and subtypes previously recognized within the national framework for the Kostanay Region, located in the Republic of Kazakhstan, for standardized comparative analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Kostanay Region is a major industrial and agricultural region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study used information presented on maps published in specialized editions (Medeu, 2006; Baisholanov, 2017). Within the territory of the Kostanay Region, natural zones change in accordance with the law of latitudinal zonation. From north to south, three natural zones are distinguished: steppe, semi-desert, and desert. Within the steppe zone, three subzones are identified: moderately humid, moderately arid, and dry steppe. The administrative division of the Kostanay Region includes 16 districts and 4 cities of regional subordination (Figure 1).

The soil map of the entire territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan presented in the National Atlas has a scale of 1:5,000,000 (Medeu, 2006). Additional information on horizon properties, profile structure, soil types, subtypes, and varieties was obtained from studies conducted in different districts of the Kostanay Region.

The research methods included establishing correspondence between the names of all soil types, subtypes, and varieties identified in the Kostanay Region according to the soil classification system of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the standards of the International Soil Classification System WRB, the fourth edition of which was published in 2022 (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2022). For the identified classification units, information was compiled on soil profile structure and the distribution of different soils across individual districts of the Kostanay Region.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

On the soil map of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Medeu, 2006), more than 30 classification units and 8 soil complexes are distinguished within the Kostanay Region. The main zonal soils of the Kostanay Region are represented by subtypes of chernozems, chestnut soils, and brown desert soils identified using the national classification system. In all districts of the region, intrazonal soils are also widespread, including meadow alluvial soils, meadow chernozems, meadow chestnut soils, and solonetz soils (Erokhina et al., 2006).

In the natural zone of moderately humid steppes, ordinary chernozems prevail; according to the International Soil Classification System (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2022), these correspond to Calcic Chernozems (Pachic) (Table 1). The upper part of these soils is formed by the diagnostic chernic (Ah) horizon, which is defined by its dark color, granular or crumb structure of soil aggregates, and organic carbon content exceeding 1%. The supplementary qualifier “pachic” indicates that the thickness of the chernic horizon exceeds 50 cm (Figure 2) (Zhalankuzov, 2014). The supplementary qualifier Hyperhumic is applicable to horizons with a weighted mean soil organic carbon content ≥ 5% in the 0–50 cm layer.

Table 1. Main types and subtypes of zonal soils of the Kostanay Region in the national and international classification systems

Extensive agricultural activities characterize much of the Kostanay Region, leaving minimal virgin steppe terrain untouched. Consequently, the upper soil layer across vast tracts is consistently ploughed. According to international standards (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2022), this layer is designated as an Aric horizon (Ap) provided it exceeds 10 cm in thickness, originates at the surface, maintains structural uniformity through cultivation, and features a distinct, level lower boundary. This specific horizon serves as a supplementary qualifier in soil classification. Conversely, various districts within the region utilize land for pastures, hayfields, or fallow purposes. Soils in these areas often lack a standard ploughed horizon or exhibit significant post-agrogenic evolution; therefore, the application of the Aric horizon terminology and the corresponding Aric qualifier is deemed inappropriate for these distinct, non-cultivated segments of the regional landscape.

The middle and lower parts of chernozem profiles are represented by the calcic (Bk) horizon, characterized by the accumulation of secondary carbonates with a content in the fine earth fraction of ≥ 15%. Secondary carbonates may occur as calcite crystals smaller than 1 mm or as pedogenic features such as impregnation of soil aggregates, coatings, veins, soft and/or hard concretions, and nodules. In some districts of the Kostanay Region, carbonate chernozems are observed, in which strong effervescence in reaction with HCl is recorded in the upper part of the profile (above a depth of 50 cm). According to the International Soil Classification System, such soils can be classified as Katocalcic Chernozems (Table 1).

In all soil zones of the Kostanay Region, solonetzic soils are present and are distinguished at the level of soil genus in the national classification (Egorov et al., 1977). In solonetzic chernozems, a sodic (Bn) horizon forms, in which the exchangeable sodium content exceeds 6% of the total exchangeable cations (Figure 3) (Almanova et al., 2021). These soils have lower fertility, and their agricultural use requires reclamation measures. In the international classification system, the qualifier Sodic should be added to the names of solonetzic soils. In some solonetzic soils, a weak accumulation of readily soluble salts may occur in deeper horizons; this process is reflected by the supplementary qualifier Endoprotosalic.

In the natural zone of moderately arid steppes of the Kostanay Region, the main soil subtype is southern chernozem. According to the international classification, it belongs to the Calcic Chernozems soil group. The thickness of the chernic horizon in these soils is less than 50 cm; therefore, the Pachic qualifier is not applied (Table 1). The soil organic carbon content in the profiles of these chernozems is 1.5–2 times lower than in Calcic Chernozems (Pachic) (Figure 2) (Zhalankuzov & Nazanova, 2015). Within the Calcic Chernozems soil group, extensive areas are also occupied by the Aric classification unit, corresponding to arable soils.

Within the Kostanay Region, carbonate soils (katocalcic) are distinguished within the Calcic Chernozems group; in these soils, carbonate features are observed even within the chernic horizon. Solonetzic varieties of Calcic Chernozems (Sodic) are confined to lowland plains underlain by saline clays or heavy loams. Soils with accumulation of readily soluble salts in the lower part of the profile are also found; this feature is indicated by the supplementary qualifier Endoprotosalic.

In the natural zone of dry steppes of the Kostanay Region, dark chestnut and medium chestnut soils are most widespread. A characteristic feature of these soils is the sandy nature of profile horizons. According to the International Soil Classification System, chestnut soils belong to the Gypsic Kastanozems (Humic) and Gypsic Kastanozems soil groups (Table 1). For dark chestnut soils, the supplementary qualifier Humic is applicable, corresponding to a weighted mean organic carbon content ≥ 1% in the 0–50 cm layer (Figure 2) (Almanova et al., 2023).

In the lower part of these soil profiles, a gypsic horizon occurs, characterized by the accumulation of secondary gypsum, most often in the form of pedogenic features of various shapes. The main criterion for the Gypsic qualifier is a gypsum content ≥ 5% (by soil mass). When calcium sulfate is present in groundwater under dry climatic conditions, an overlying calcic horizon and an underlying gypsic horizon are formed. Their position within the soil profile may vary due to the lower solubility of carbonates compared to gypsum.

Large areas of land on Gypsic Kastanozems (Humic) and Gypsic Kastanozems are ploughed and belong to the Aric classification unit. Residually carbonate soils are widespread on elevated, leveled, weakly drained plains and in broad river valleys, where carbonate heavy loams and clays serve as parent materials. Such soils are assigned the Calcic qualifier.

A shortened profile and high stoniness are characteristic of shallow, skeletal chestnut soils occurring on the spurs of the Trans-Ural Plateau. According to the International Soil Classification System, the qualifier Skeletic should be added to the names of these soils, reflecting a content of coarse fragments ≥ 40% (by volume) on average within the 0–100 cm layer. In the natural zone of dry steppes of the Kostanay Region, solonetzic soils Gypsic Kastanozems (Humic, Sodic) and Gypsic Kastanozems (Sodic) are widespread, many of which are difficult to use as agricultural land. Among them, soils with accumulation of readily soluble salts in the lower part of the profile are common; this feature is reflected by the supplementary qualifier Endoprotosalic.

In the semi-desert (desert–steppe) zone of the Kostanay Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, light chestnut and brown semi-desert soils prevail. According to the International Soil Classification System, they belong to the soil groups Calcisols and Luvic Calcisols (Table 1). In these soils, the upper layer with an organic carbon content ≥ 1% is less than 30 cm thick; therefore, a chernic horizon is not distinguished. The calcic horizon is usually recorded at a depth of 25–40 cm. Solonetzic semi-desert soils are described using the supplementary qualifier Sodic. Arid climatic conditions and the geological and geomorphological features of soil-forming and underlying parent materials determine the widespread occurrence of saline soils, which are described by the qualifier Salic. Light chestnut shallow skeletal soils correspond to the soil group Skeletic Calcisols.

Across the entire territory of the Kostanay Region, intrazonal soils occur alongside zonal soils (Table 2). In river and lake floodplains, meadow alluvial soils develop, which correspond to fluvisols in the International Soil Classification System. These soils are characterized by high fertility and are often used as arable land; therefore, many of them require the Aric qualifier.

Table 2. Main types of intrazonal soils and soil complexes of the Kostanay Region in the national and international classification systems

Meadow chernozem soils, identified in the zones of moderately humid and moderately arid steppes, are confined to watershed depressions, valleys, and large lake basins such as Sarykol and Koibagar. In the International Soil Classification System, these soils are classified as Gleyic Chernozems. They are characterized by increased humus content in the upper and middle parts of the profile (Figure 2) (Almanova et al., 2021), as well as by gleying features expressed as bluish and rusty mottles in the lower horizons. Gleyic Chernozems on arable land are assigned the Aric qualifier.

Meadow chestnut soils are formed in the dry steppe zone on depressed plains and on above-floodplain river and lake terraces. In the International Soil Classification System, they correspond to Gleyic Kastanozems. These soils are characterized by moisture supply from surface water and/or shallow groundwater (3–6 m). Gleyic Kastanozems contain more humus than zonal Gypsic Kastanozems. Their profiles are not characterized by the accumulation of carbonates and readily soluble salts in the upper and middle parts, while signs of gleying are observed in the lower horizons. Cultivated Gleyic Kastanozems, according to the International Classification System, are described using the supplementary qualifier Aric.

Throughout the Kostanay Region, Solonetz soils are widely distributed, forming both large individual massifs and complexes with other solonetzic soils. In the International Soil Classification System, Solonetz constitutes a separate soil group (Solonetz) (Table 2). These soils have a diagnostic natric horizon, the upper boundary of which occurs at a depth of 20–50 cm, where the exchangeable sodium content is ≥ 15% of the total exchangeable cations (Figure 3) (Lyubimova et al., 2016). Solonetz forms complexes with many zonal and intrazonal solonetzic soils, resulting in a complex soil cover structure. The profiles of Solonetz are often saline; the presence of this feature should be described using the Salic qualifier.

In urban areas and in mining and industrial territories, natural soils are typically replaced by technogenically disturbed or anthropogenic soils. According to the International Soil Classification System, these soils belong to the Technosols soil group. If the horizons of such soils consist of ≥ 35% (by volume) of construction debris and other wastes accumulated in human settlements, they are assigned the Urbic qualifier.

The presented soil nomenclature of the Kostanay Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Tables 1 and 2) includes about 50 classification units. Agricultural lands may also contain soils affected by water or wind erosion processes. The presence and degree of erosion are recorded through the description of surface irregularities (Jahn et al., 2006).

During soil diagnostics in the Kostanay Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, soil profiles with varying morphological structures were identified (Table 3). The morphological and chemical properties of the chernic (Ah) horizon vary considerably within a single soil group of Chernozems (Sorokin et al., 2021). The aric (Ap) plough horizon is diagnosed on agricultural lands, which predominate across most of the Kostanay Region.

Table 3. Soil horizons and examples of soil profile structures of the Kostanay Region in the International Classification System

Note. Horizon indices: Ah – chernic; p – aric; Bw – cambic; h – humic; k – protocalcic, calcic; n – sodic, natric; y – gypsic; z – protosalic, salic; t – clay accumulation; u – urbic; τ – human-transported natural material; C – parent material.

In some soil groups—Chernozems, Kastanozems, and Calcisols—several processes may be observed simultaneously in the middle part of the soil profile, including humus redistribution, accumulation of secondary carbonates and gypsum, and solonetzization. For the B horizons, indices are listed in decreasing order of the intensity of soil-forming processes, with the most strongly expressed process indicated first (Table 3).

In both the International Soil Classification System and the national soil classification of Kazakhstan, Solonetz soils are defined at a high taxonomic level. At the same time, solonetzic (sodic) variants are also distinguished within other soil groups, including Chernozems, Kastanozems, and Calcisols. However, the morphological and chemical criteria used to assess the degree of solonetzic development differ somewhat between classification systems (Pankova et al., 2018).

Profiles of Technosols are highly diverse. They may be disturbed by industrial activities and earthworks and can include horizons of relocated material as well as urbic horizons.

Within natural zones and individual districts of the Kostanay Region, the structure of the soil cover changes mainly in accordance with the law of latitudinal zonation. An important role is also played by regional characteristics of soil-forming and underlying parent materials (Ganea et al., 2024; Soman et al., 2024; Ahn et al., 2025; Castellano-Rioja, 2025; Cavero & Ferraz, 2025; Mikail et al., 2025; Petronis et al., 2025; Shen & Bao, 2025; Silik, 2025; Zulkarnain et al., 2025; Batra & Rajasekar, 2026; Merzouki et al., 2026; Mohammad, 2026; Shon & Yang, 2026).

In Karabalyk District, located in the northwestern part of the region (Figure 1), Calcic Chernozems (Pachic, Aric) predominate, while solonetzic Calcic Chernozems (Pachic, Aric, Sodic) occupy smaller areas. In Uzunkol District in the northeastern part of the region, along with these soils, Calcic Chernozems (Pachic, Aric, Hyperhumic), Katocalcic Chernozems (Pachic, Aric), and Solonetz are also found (Table 4).

Table 4. Nomenclature of predominant soil groups identified according to the International Classification in individual natural zones and districts of the Kostanay Region

Agrawal, M., Shrivastava, S., Khare, R. L., Jaiswal, S., Singh, P., & Hishikar, R. (2024). Comparative analysis of nephrotoxicity in patients on tenofovir-containing and non-tenofovir antiretroviral therapy. Annals of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapy, 4, 24–33. doi:10.51847/ZTJxzvNZt4

Ahn, S., Kim, S., Zhang, H., Dobalian, A., & Slavich, G. M. (2025). The long-term effects of early-life adversity on health, lifestyle, and cognition. Bulletin of Pioneer Research in Medical and Clinical Sciences, 5(1), 13–27. doi:10.51847/6ZhsvRWk26

Almanova, Z. S., Kenzhegulova, S. O., Ridvan, K., Zhakenova, A. T., Yerzhan, D., & Kelvin, H. D. (2023). Modern assessment of fertility of dark chestnut soils of Kamystinsky district of Kostanay region. Scientific Journal "Bulletin of Science of S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University". Agricultural Sciences, 4(119), 97-105.

Almanova, Zh. S., Kenzhegulova, S. O., & Kalakova, M. E. (2021). Current state of soil fertility of agricultural soils of Fedorovsky district, Kostanay region. Bulletin of the Kursk State Agricultural Academy, 9, 81-86. (in Russian)

Baisholanov, S. S. (Ed.). (2017). Agro-climatic resources of Kostanay region: Scientific and applied reference. Astana, 139 p. (in Russian)

Batra, V., & Rajasekar, A. (2026). Alginate biocomposite with Gymnema sylvestre and Curcuma longa for oral disease: An in vitro study. Annals of Dental Specialty, 14(1), 37–43. doi:10.51847/ZCQwv6afwe

Bona, C., & Lozano, R. (2024). Delayed hematologic toxicities following axicabtagene ciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel CAR-T cell therapy: A retrospective analysis of lymphocytopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Asian Journal of Current Research in Clinical Cancer, 4(2), 1–4. doi:10.51847/13fIAq9Er0

Braun, D., Eckert, J., Lang, T., Schneider, L., & Wirth, F. (2025). High-resolution HLA-B allele and haplotype frequencies in the Qatari population: Implications for pre-emptive pharmacogenetic screening of drug hypersensitivity. Special Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Biotechnology, 5, 77–87. doi:10.51847/43hsE3qngg

Castellano-Rioja, C. (2025). Investigating the effect of providing required training to mothers of children with surgery and its effect on mothers’ anxiety. Journal of Integrative Nursing and Palliative Care, 6, 7–11. doi:10.51847/m0J08PS92O

Cavero, M., & Ferraz, J. P. (2025). Sedentary behavior determinants in pregnant women during the second and third trimesters: Prospective findings from the large-scale Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Bulletin of Pioneer Research in Medical and Clinical Sciences, 5(1), 1–12. doi:10.51847/bdDIEuY7cl

Cuenca-Martínez, F., Herranz-Gómez, A., Madroñero-Miguel, B., Reina-Varona, Á., Touche, R. L., Angulo-Díaz-Parreño, S., Pardo-Montero, J., Corral, T. D., & López-de-Uralde-Villanueva, I. (2025). A systematic review of the literature on the connection between cervical spine abnormalities and internal disorders of the temporomandibular joint. Journal of Current Research in Oral Surgery, 5, 1–10. doi:10.51847/e4CoCM6iSZ

Danchin, A., Ng, T. W., & Turinici, G. (2024). Transmission pathways and mitigation strategies for COVID-19. Interdisciplinary Research in Medical Sciences Special, 4(1), 1–10. doi:10.51847/p0YhQPxvkW

Deckers, J., Gerasimova, M., Kabala, C., Kravchenko, Y., & Nachtergaele, F. (2024). Chernozems Lecture Notes. WRB Documentation Centre. Draft v. 3, 30.10.2024, 16 p. IUSS WRB Working Group.

Egorov, V. V., Fridland, V. M., Ivanova, E. N., Rozov, N. I., Nosin, V. A., & Friev, T. A. (Comp.). (1977). Classification and diagnostics of soils of the USSR. Мoscow: Коlos, 223 p. (in Russian)

Eid, M., Hassan, A., Abdelrahman, Y., & Saeed, O. (2025). Association of UGT1A1*28 and CYP2B6 c.516G>T variants with adverse effects in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Chile. Special Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Biotechnology, 5, 88–95. doi:10.51847/gHbHJPAf9Q

Erokhina, O. G., Kusainova, M. M., Sokolov, A. A., & Pachikin, K. M. (2006). Soils of Kazakhstan. In The Republic of Kazakhstan. Vol. 1: Natural conditions and resources (pp. 316-361). Almaty: Republican Cartographic Factory of the Agency for Land Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (in Russian)

Essah, A., Igboemeka, C., & Hailemeskel, B. (2024). Exploring gabapentin as a treatment for pruritus: A survey of student perspectives. Annals of Pharmacy Education, Safety, and Public Health Advocacy, 4, 1–6. doi:10.51847/h8xgEJE3NE

Filippova, N., Churkina, G., Utebayev, M., Rukavitsina, I., & Kunanbayev, K. (2020). The effect of spring wheat cultivation methods on some fertility indicators of Southern carbonate chernozem in Northern Kazakhstan. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 26(3), 1235-1238.

Ganea, M., Marcu, O. A., & Csep, A. N. (2024). Finite element analysis of trabecular bone response to orthodontic forces in periodontal breakdown. Asian Journal of Periodontics and Orthodontics, 4, 121–138. doi:10.51847/DVdnjkDpYE

Gerasimova, M. I., & Bogdanova, M. D. (2015). Soils in national atlases of different countries. Eurasian Soil Science, 9, 911-922. doi:10.1134/S1064229315090045

Gerasimova, M. I. (2019). International soil classification and its potential application in geographic research. Vestnik of the Moscow University. Series 5. Geography, 3, 49-56. (in Russian)

Hart, O. B., & Reed, C. J. (2025). Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of 50% ethanolic Curcuma longa extract in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia: Involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and inhibition of NF-κB/MAPK. Journal of Medical Sciences Interdisciplinary Research, 5(1), 1–12. doi:10.51847/bMiGiIU1tk

Hillman, T. (2024). A predictive approach for determining the optimal anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody. Interdisciplinary Research in Medical Sciences Special, 4(1), 11–22. doi:10.51847/jVJ3mRs3yR

Hu, Y., Han, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Land desertification and its influencing factors in Kazakhstan. Journal of Arid Environments, 180, 104203. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104203

Issanova, G., Saparov, A., & Ustemirova, A. (2014). Soil degradation and desertification processes within Kazakhstan. In Proceedings of the IV International conference “Ecology of urban areas 2014”, October 9-10, 2014, Zrenjanin, Serbia (pp. 429-434). Novi Sad: Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad.

IUSS Working Group WRB. (2022). World reference base for soil resources. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps (4th ed.). Vienna: International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS).

Jahn, R., Blume, H. P., Asio, V. B., Spaargaren, O., & Schad, P. (2006). Guidelines for soil description (4th ed.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

Kabała, C., Charzyński, P., Czigány, S., Novák, T. J., Saksa, M., & Świtoniak, M. (2019). Suitability of world reference base for soil resources (WRB) to describe and classify chernozemic soils in Central Europe. Soil Science Annual, 70(3), 244-257. doi:10.2478/ssa-2019-0022

Khalil, Y. H., & Nassar, O. S. (2025). Small-molecule inhibition of SOST suppresses breast cancer bone metastasis. Archives of International Journal of Cancer and Allied Sciences, 5(1), 1–17. doi:10.51847/XR3tpAzZri

Khan, T. M., Tahir, H., Adil, Q., Baig, M. R., Jaber, A. A. S., Khaliel, A. M., & Mohammed, Z. M. (2024). A three-decade overview of female-specific cancers in Malaysia: A thorough examination. Asian Journal of Current Research in Clinical Cancer, 4(2), 5–18. doi:10.51847/LIdazW7afN

Koshen, B. M., Shayakhmetova, A. S., & Toktar, M. (2019). The processes of dehumification of humus in the soil Sarykol district of Kostanay region. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of Agricultural Sciences, 2(50), 105-109.

Krasilnikov, P. V., Ibáñez-Marti, J.-J., Arnold, R., & Shoba, S. A. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of soil terminology, correlation and classification. London: Routledge, 449 p. doi:10.4324/9781849774352

Kulik, K. N., Petrov, V. I., Rulev, A. S., Kosheleva, O. Y., & Shinkarenko, S. S. (2018). On the 30th Anniversary of the “General Plan to Combat Desertification of Black Lands and Kizlyar Pastures”. Arid Ecosystems, 8(1), 1-6. doi:10.1134/S2079096118010067

Kust, G. S., Shklyaeva, D. S., Lobkovskiy, V. A., & Andreeva, O. V. (2024). Using the methodology of land degradation neutrality to assess the territory of the Caspian Region. Arid Ecosystems, 14, 159-168. doi:10.1134/S2079096124700033

Lyu, Y., Shi, P., Han, G., Liu, L., Guo, L., Hu, X., & Zhang, G. (2020). Desertification control practices in China. Sustainability, 12(8), 3258. doi:10.3390/su12083258

Lyubimova, I. N., Salpagarova, I. A., & Khan, V. V. (2016). The degree of intensivity of solonetzic process within the virgin soils and soils with agrogenic transformation in solonetzic complexes of frores-steppe and dry steppe zones. Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, 84, 46-60. doi:10.19047/0136-1694-2016-84-46-60 (in Russian)

Medeu, A. R. (Ed.). (2006). National atlas of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Vol. 1: Natural conditions and resources. The soil map. Almaty: Republican Cartographic Factory of the Agency for Land Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, pp. 97-98. (in Russian)

Merzouki, M., Khibech, O., Fraj, E., Elmsellem, H., Chetouani, A., Bouammali, B., & Challioui, A. (2026). Computational screening of chalcone derivatives as novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 17(1), 129–136. doi:10.51847/PTHVL9LMg0

Meyer, B. C., Schreiner, V., Smolentseva, E. N., & Smolentsev, B. A. (2008). Indicators of desertification in the Kulunda Steppe in the south of Western Siberia. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 54(6), 585-603. doi:10.1080/03650340802342268

Mikail, E. H., Çora, H., & Çora, A. N. (2025). Global dynamics of organizational behavior: The impact of culture, power, and decision making in international relations. Journal of Organizational Behavior Research, 10(2), 1–11. doi:10.51847/Jj82lmv0X4

Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Committee on Land Resources Management. (2023). Consolidated analytical report on the state and use of the lands of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023. Astana, 336 p. (in Russian)

Mohammad, J. A. (2026). The correlation between resistin with metalloproteinase-8, and vitamins A, C, D, E among patients having stage III periodontitis. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 17(1), 1–9. doi:10.51847/FWBnvddtTt

O’Brien, K., Murphy, L., & Doyle, S. (2026). Digital twins in pharmaceutical manufacturing: A scoping review. Pharmacophore, 17(3), 22–32. doi:10.51847/XFqRZ24c7n

Pankova, E. I., Gerasimova, M. I. & Korolyuk, T. V. (2018). Salt-affected soils in Russian, American, and International Soil Classification Systems. Eurasian Soil Science, 51, 1297-1308. doi:10.1134/S1064229318110078

Petronis, Z., Dainius, R., & Kornelijus, M. (2025). Risk factors for bracket bond failure in orthodontic treatment: Findings from a controlled single-centre study. Asian Journal of Periodontics and Orthodontics, 5, 65–72. doi:10.51847/ahNovnBrIh

Qiao, J., Luo, B., Ming, J., Zhou, S., Chen, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024). Prevalence and implications of non-prescription antibiotic dispensing in Baghdad community pharmacies. Annals of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapy, 4, 34–41. doi:10.51847/5SuGTfpren

Rani, N., & Gehrke, P. (2025). Promoting intercultural competence in German medical students via innovative medical ethics education focused on Muslim patients: A pilot study. Asian Journal of Ethics in Health and Medicine, 5, 1–12. doi:10.51847/0foncaeXr1

Rivas, D. S., & Molina, P. A. (2025). UBE2J1 suppresses colorectal cancer progression via ubiquitin-mediated degradation of RPS3. Archives of International Journal of Cancer and Allied Sciences, 5(1), 18–39. doi:10.51847/7UbioAJLAO

Robinson, S., Milner‐Gulland, E. J., & Alimaev, I. I. (2003). Rangeland degradation in Kazakhstan during the Soviet era: Re-examining the evidence. Journal of Arid Environments, 53(3), 419-439. doi:10.1006/JARE.2002.1047

Rojas, V. M., & Paredes, D. E. (2025). Exploring acceptability, implementation, and contextual factors in a school-based physical activity intervention: Qualitative process evaluation from a feasibility trial in Yangzhou, China. Journal of Medical Sciences Interdisciplinary Research, 5(1), 13–28. doi:10.51847/duZGj20T8V

Ryspekov, T., Jandák, J., Balkozha, M., & Winkler, J. (2021). Vegetation of abandoned fields on soil types of kastanozems in Northern Kazakhstan (Kostanay Region). Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22(10), 176-184. doi:10.12911/22998993/142188

Shen, F., & Bao, L. (2025). Studying the effects of music on the time to gain independent oral feeding in premature infants. Journal of Integrative Nursing and Palliative Care, 6, 1–6. doi:10.51847/xBTC4CiH10

Shi, X. Z., Yu, D. S., Xu, S. X., Warner, E. D., Wang, H. J., Sun, W. X., Zhao, Y. C., & Gong, Z. T. (2010). Cross-reference for relating Genetic Soil Classification of China with WRB at different scales. Geoderma, 155(3-4), 344-350. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.017

Shon, J., & Yang, D. (2026). Generational differences in the pay equity–job engagement relationship: The moderating role of generation. Journal of Organizational Behavior Research, 11(1), 1–14. doi:10.51847/XAPPcrleg6

Silik, O. E. (2025). Integrating artificial intelligence in oncology: Turkish medical oncologists’ knowledge, attitudes, and ethical perspectives. Asian Journal of Ethics in Health and Medicine, 5, 13–24. doi:10.51847/ObxojlDDEH

Soman, C., Hawzah, A. A. A. A., Alsomali, M. A., Alghamdi, S. A. K., & AlOsaimi, M. M. (2024). Salivary specimen in COVID-19 testing for dental settings: A meta-analysis comparing saliva, nasopharyngeal and serum specimens. Annals of Dental Specialty, 12(1), 33–47. doi:10.51847/LNn8bSwowj

Sorokin, A., Owens, P., Láng, V., Jiang, Z.-D., Michéli, E., & Krasilnikov, P. (2021). “Black soils” in the Russian soil classification system, the US soil taxonomy and the WRB: Quantitative correlation and implications for pedodiversity assessment. CATENA, 196, 104824. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2020.104824

Souza, J. S., Reis, E. A., Godman, B., Campbell, S. M., Meyer, J. C., Sena, L. W. P., & Godói, I. P. D. (2024). Designing a healthcare utilization index to enable worldwide patient comparisons: A cross-sectional study. Annals of Pharmacy Education, Safety, and Public Health Advocacy, 4, 7–15. doi:10.51847/EeWKtBkVgK

Tran, M., & Pham, D. (2026). Predicting pediatric liquid palatability using sweeteners, bitterness, viscosity, and acceptability data. Pharmacophore, 17(3), 12–21. doi:10.51847/pkyYsQrE8h

Zhalankuzov, T. Zh. (2014). Monitoring studies of the ordinary Chernozems in Karabalyk research station. Soil Science and Agrochemistry, 3, 40-45. (in Russian)

Zhalankuzov. T. Zh., & Nazanova, G. K. (2015). Monitoring studies of normal southern Chernozems in Talapker research station. Soil Science and Agrochemistry, 3, 68-74. (in Russian)

Zulkarnain, B. S., Afrilla, D., Yusfra, Y., Oktavia, M., Widyasari, S. A., Khotib, J., Mohammad, Y., Alsagaff, M. Y., Nita, Y., & Jaya, H. P. (2025). Reasons and clinical outcomes of dual antiplatelet therapy cessation in coronary stenting patients: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research, 15(4), 1–7. doi:10.51847/HFUptSzqzY